Variability of surface temperatures in various development stages of mountain forest (Belianske Tatras)

Abstract

Our research was conducted over a period of two years, with a focus on microclimate conditions of the dominant forest stand in the Tatra Mountains. Several types of forest stands have been studied, including young mixed forest - mountain alluvial forest, mixed forest, young spruce forest, old natural spruce stands, and calamity areas (mixed forest and spruce forest) left for natural development. The primary aim of this study is to analyse the temperature differences of the surface temperature in individual forest stands as well as observe daily and seasonal changes, including humidity. We continuously monitored surface temperature and surface humidity in selected forest stands with an infrared camera from October 2021 to October 2023. We also focused on increases or decreases in surface temperature over time. We have examined the influence of local climate characteristics and the type of forest stand, considering naturality or management practices. Results confrmed higher surface temperature variations in young and calamity forests, than in well-preserved forests. In addition, coniferous forest (Pod Muráňom) had higher surface moisture levels conferring the ability to dampen temperature variabilities more than broadleaf or mixed forests. Coniferous forest maintains warmer conditions in winter and cooler conditions in summer. These results are especially important when contemplating future climate change and adaptation mitigation strategies implemented by forest management in protected areas.